ABSTRACT

In the digital age, access to information is pivotal in ensuring transparency and active participation in democratic processes. The Right to Information, recognized as a fundamental human right in international and national legal frameworks. However, the digital revolution, while promising to democratize information access, paradoxically creates the digital divide. This divide is characterized by disparities in access to, use of, and proficiency with digital technologies. As individuals, communities, and nations find themselves on the wrong side of this divide, their right to information is hindered. The paper explores the interplay between the digital divide and the right to information, emphasizing implications, ethical and legal obligations, and potential solutions. It also highlights successful case studies and best practices from around the world that have effectively bridged the digital divide. The digital divide's impact on various socio-economic is examined in depth and outlines recommendations for governments, non-governmental and international organizations. Further, addresses the digital divide as an imperative human rights issue in the digital age. Bridging this divide ensures that the right to information remains a universal and meaningful human right for all. As the world becomes increasingly digitized, the equitable access to information resources is essential for democratic societies to thrive.

Keywords: Digital Divide, Right to Information, Human Rights, Digital Literacy, Information Access

*Ph.D. Research Scholar (Law), Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University (DBRAU), Agra, UP.

*Professor, Faculty of Law, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra

I. INTRODUCTION

In the context of an ever-expanding digital landscape and growing interconnectivity, the availability of information plays a fundamental role in fostering democratic principles, promoting openness, and facilitating human progress. The Right to Information (RTI) is recognized as a fundamental human right across various international and national legal frameworks. It serves as a crucial mechanism for fostering accountability, supporting good governance, and facilitating people engagement in decision-making processes. The capacity of individuals to obtain information, exchange thoughts, and participate in public dialogue is crucial for fostering a dynamic and all-encompassing democratic society.

Nevertheless, the implementation of the Right to Information varies across different segments of the global populace. The advent of the digital revolution, despite its potential to enhance the accessibility of information, has inadvertently generated a substantial and enduring obstacle known as the digital divide. The aforementioned division is distinguished by inequalities in the availability, utilization, and mastery of digital technologies, specifically the internet. Various individuals, communities, and nations encounter challenges that hinder their capacity to fully exercise their Right to Information, placing them in a disadvantaged position. The concept of the digital divide comprises a range of complex inequities, which include variations in the availability of high-speed internet, ownership of digital devices, proficiency in digital literacy, and the capacity to effectively traverse online resources. These disparities are influenced by a range of characteristics, such as geographical location, socioeconomic standing, level of education, age, and other related variables. As the process of digitization continues to advance globally, the aforementioned inequities are accentuated, resulting in the emergence of a "knowledge gap" that delineates individuals with access to digital resources from those without such access.

The importance of the digital divide within the framework of the Right to Information is of utmost significance. In light of the growing dependence of governments and organizations on digital platforms for the distribution of information, it is imperative for people to possess the necessary skills and means to access and utilize these resources in order to effectively exercise their Right to Information. The phenomenon known as the digital gap, if not properly attended to, poses a threat to the fundamental principles of fairness and inclusiveness that constitute the foundation of the Right to Information.

B. Purpose and objectives of the paper

Specific objectives include:

1. Examining the concept of the digital divide and its various dimensions.
2. Assessing the impact of the digital divide on the exercise of the Right to Information.
3. Analysing legal and ethical implications arising from the digital divide in the Right to Information context.
4. Exploring strategies and initiatives for bridging the digital divide, including government policies, civil society efforts, and private sector involvement.
5. Investigating the global perspective and diversity of approaches to address this issue.

C. Research questions

To guide exploration of the digital divide as a human right for the Right to Information, this paper will address the following questions:

1. What are the key dimensions of the digital divide, and how do they impact access to and utilization of information resources, particularly in the context of the Right to Information?
2. What strategies and initiatives have been employed to bridge the digital divide in different parts of the world, and what lessons can be drawn from successful initiatives?
3. How do various stakeholders, including governments, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, contribute to addressing the digital divide as it pertains to the Right to Information?
4. To what extent is the Right to Internet Access recognized as a human right, and how does it intersect with the Right to Information?
5. What are the most significant challenges and barriers in bridging the digital divide for the Right to Information?

D. Methodology

In order to address the aforementioned inquiries and accomplish the designated goals, this study has utilized qualitative research methodologies. Data is gathered from several sources, encompassing legal documents, scholarly literature, reports issued by international organizations, and case studies. The utilization of qualitative analysis is employed to scrutinize the legal and ethical frameworks surrounding the digital divide, with the purpose of evaluating its effects on the accessibility of information and technology resources. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is done of different countries in order to identify best practices and policy implications.

II. THE DIGITAL DIVIDE AND THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION

Across demographics and different sorts of cities, India is experiencing a colossal internet gap. Not only is it crucial to guarantee the fundamental right to internet access, but it is also imperative to take particular constructive efforts to ensure that it’s access is easy, affordable, and secure. This is because important services are rendered unavailable to over a third of the population. In addition, the establishment of such a right would pave the way for other accessory rights that are vital to the protection of data confidentiality, safety from the potential damaging effects of the internet, and the obligation to be treated equally.

In the past few years, the Indian judiciary has acknowledged the significance of having access to the internet. In a case, the SC ruled that the right to freedom of speech and expression, as outlined in Article of the Indian Constitution, encompasses the right to access the internet. However, the court emphasised that this right is not an absolute right and that it may be conditioned by reasonable constraints upon its exercise.
The digital divide's impact on the exercise of the right to information can be inculcated by the following points:

1. Access to Information Resources: The digital divide directly affects individuals' ability to access information. Those with limited or no internet access, especially in rural and economically disadvantaged areas, face barriers in obtaining critical information from government agencies, educational institutions, and other institution/sources.

Limited access to digital devices and high charges of internet connections inhibits individuals from exercising their Right to Information, which often involves online applications, databases, and government websites.

Faheema Shirin, an inhabitant of a women's hostel, contested new laws at her hostel that limited the usage of electronic devices. The High Court of Kerala ruled that the limitation violated the freedom to access the Internet, the right to privacy, and the right to education in accordance with the principle of unjustifiable infringement. This case was significant for a few reasons: first, it demonstrated that limits on the Internet might be implemented not only for safeguarding nation’s interests or but also for arbitrary reasons or any other malafide political purposes; second, it demonstrated how other fundamental rights are significantly linked to the access of Internet.

2. Participation and Engagement: The digital divide impacts civic engagement and participation. Individuals without access to digital tools and online platforms are less likely to engage in discussions, access government services, participate in online consultations or know about the works of a government. This limited participation affects the extent to which citizens can hold governments accountable and contribute to policy-making processes, which are fundamental aspects of the Right to Information.

3. Information Quality and Relevance: The digital divide may lead to disparities in the quality and relevance of information accessed. Those with limited access to the internet may rely on outdated or less reliable sources, hindering their ability to make informed decisions and engage in meaningful discourse. This aspect is critical because the Right to Information extends beyond mere access; it includes the right to accurate and timely information.

B. Instances illustrating the consequences of the digital divide

1. Rural vs. Urban Disparities: The rural-urban digital divide is underscored by case studies conducted in several nations. In rural regions, the presence of insufficient facilities and inadequate connectivity frequently leads to diminished availability of information, education, and vital services. Based on the findings of the India Inequality Report 2022, conducted by the non-governmental organization Oxfam, it is revealed that a mere 31 per cent of the rural population utilizes the internet, which is in stark contrast to the significantly higher figure of 67 per cent observed among the urban population.

According to the National Service Scheme (NSS) report for the academic year 2017-18, a mere 9 per cent of students enrolled in various courses had the privilege of utilizing a computing device with connectivity to the internet. Additionally, it was found that 25 per cent of the pupils enrolled had the opportunity to utilize the internet through diverse devices. The likelihood of owning a computer is positively correlated with both higher levels of education and income.

According to the study published by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the internet penetration rate in India in 2018 was approximately 49 per cent. Out of the total population, 25 per cent resided in rural areas and 98 per cent resided in urban areas.

According to the research published by the National Statistical Office (NSO), a majority of households with internet connectivity are concentrated in urban areas, with 42% of such homes having access to the internet. In rural areas of India, the percentage of individuals with internet connectivity is limited to a mere 15%. Government initiatives like BharatNet, which are designed to facilitate digital connectivity in rural areas of India, have not been successful in achieving their intended outcomes.

2. Educational Divide: The digital divide has a substantial impact on the field of education. The lack of access to the web and digital tools among students presents significant obstacles in their ability to utilize online educational materials, leading to inequities in learning possibilities. The digital gap is having a significant impact on children's ability to acquire knowledge and foster their growth.

The acquisition of essential technological skills by pupils is impeded in the absence of access to the Internet. In the present day, YouTube, an internet-based video platform, offers a vast array of videos that give educational content at no charge. Access to these films simply requires an internet connection and a minimum of a smartphone. Despite the abundance of websites and blogs that provide educational knowledge.

The Government of India has also undertaken a commendable attempt through its MOOC-based Swayam Platform to provide high-quality education. This is achieved through the dissemination of video lectures and educational materials in the form of PDFs. Recently a new platform namely Swayam Plus has been launched to cater the needs of development of skills that are at par with industry standards. As the courses are being develop by the major industry stakeholders. These various instances exemplify a pressing necessity to eliminate the digital divide in order to ensure individuals' access to their fundamental rights of education and information.

3. Employment Opportunities: In this day and age, the majority of job openings and the application processes for those jobs are conducted online. Those who are unable to access internet job listings and do not possess the necessary digital abilities have a more difficult time finding work.

These days, the vast majority of interviews are conducted online in order to provide candidates with greater convenience. If this is not possible, then at least some of the interview phases are conducted online. Even in the case of in-person interviews, if there is a pressing need, the interview can be conducted online. Because there are now a multitude of online hiring channels, pages, and blogs that offer a variety of job openings, one does not need to search for job announcements in newspapers or magazines as was common practice in the past.

In a bench consisting of J. K.V. Viswanathan and J. J.K. Maheswari, the SC arrived to the protection of an individual who belonged to a marginalised section of society. The man had been stated failed due to the fact that in the form of application that was submitted online, he had entered his date of birth as December 18, 1997, when in fact he had entered December 8, 1997. The SC ruled that this mistake in the application form was insignificant and didn't have any role in the method of selection.

The Court observed:

 “In the instant case, we cannot turn a Nelson’s eye to the ground realities that existed ….this court rightly observed that though technology is a great enabler, there is at the same time, a digital divide.”

4. Political Participation: The phenomenon known as the digital divide can exert an influence on political participation, whereby disenfranchised groups experience limited accessibility to crucial information pertaining to elections, candidates, and voting protocols. The process of selecting a leader for a nation is a complex undertaking, requiring careful consideration and discernment in the decision-making process. It is imperative to use prudence and thoughtfulness while making choices on national leadership. The availability of internet access provides individuals with the opportunity to gather information regarding a candidate's professional background, work experience, personal characteristics, and political affiliations. By utilizing this information, individuals can engage in a comprehensive analysis to determine which candidate aligns most closely with their own values and beliefs, thereby informing their voting decision.

The repercussions of ebbing down Digital Literacy can lead to an array of disparities in a nation which directly and indirectly affects one’s right to have information.

5. Healthcare and Public Services: Individuals' access to vital healthcare information and government services might be inhibited when they have limited digital access, which is especially problematic in locations that are underserved or distant[1].

One facet of this is the application of newly developed technologies in the medical field. One can simply make an appointment with a doctor, have a consultation with them online, and even get their medications using the internet today. However, in order to take advantage of such services, one must be knowledgeable about them and have access to the internet.

It is also to be noted that in government hospitals, government has digitized the process of taking appointment of a doctor through an app which can be easily downloaded via google play store. This has put an end on long standing cue for the appointment and easy for the individuals to manage its appointment details. Hence, now those who have access to internet can easily make appointment while others still have to struggle for the same which creates a disparity in itself.

C. Legal and ethical implications of a digital divide in the right to information context

1. Violation of Human Rights: The digital gap, in instances when it restricts persons' ability to access information, can be interpreted as a transgression of their human rights, namely the Right to Information as acknowledged in both international and domestic legal systems.

Today there are plethora of opportunities to earn or work online and even more women centric jobs are emerging but due to digital divide rural women and men are not able to access them or have information about them[2], which in turn widening the economic disparity between rural and urban areas.

2. Inequity and Discrimination: The persistence of the digital divide has the potential to further worsen pre-existing disparities in social and economic conditions[3]. The aforementioned issue gives rise to ethical considerations pertaining to the potential for discrimination on the basis of technology and information accessibility.

3. Accountability and Transparency: The presence of a notable digital gap has the potential to compromise the fundamental tenets of government accountability and transparency[4], since certain individuals may be marginalized from obtaining public records, government reports, and other forms of information that facilitate transparency.

4. Inclusivity and Diversity: The inclusivity of the Right to Information should be duly acknowledged, taking into account the diverse nature of people. The presence of a digital gap, which has a disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities and marginalized sections of society, has the potential to hinder inclusivity within decision-making processes. As it is seen, only a few Adivasi and Dalit households have access to the internet, in contrast to other sections of society[5].

5. Digital Literacy and Privacy: The resolution of the digital gap necessitates consideration of matters pertaining to digital literacy and the safeguarding of online privacy. The ethical issue of paramount importance lies in guaranteeing that individuals possess the ability to navigate the digital realm in a secure and responsible manner[6].

III. BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES

A. Government initiatives and policies

1. Infrastructure Development: Governments often invest in expanding digital infrastructure, such as broadband networks and internet connectivity in rural and underserved areas[7]. This includes initiatives to connect remote regions with high-speed internet access.

2. Digital Inclusion Programs: Central Government as well as State Governments are running digital inclusion programs aimed at providing affordable devices, internet access, and digital literacy training to marginalized communities such as PM E-Vidhya, DIKSHA, Swayam and Swayam Prabha, E-Pathshala etc.[8]

3. E-Government Services: Governments are increasingly moving government services online, making it easier for citizens to access information and engage with public institutions. These services should be designed to be user-friendly and accessible to all.

4. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between governments and private sector entities can lead to innovative solutions to bridge the digital divide. These partnerships may involve subsidies for internet access or the development of digital skills training programs.

5. Universal Service Obligations (USOs): Some countries have established USOs, requiring telecommunication companies to provide affordable access to telecommunications and broadband services in underserved areas.

B. Non-governmental and civil society efforts

1. Community Networks: Grassroots initiatives and community networks often play a crucial role in providing internet access to remote or marginalized communities. These networks are often community-owned and operated.

2. Digital Literacy Programs: Non-governmental organizations and civil society groups frequently offer digital literacy and skills training to empower individuals with the knowledge to access and use digital resources effectively.

3. Advocacy and Awareness: These organizations advocate for policies that promote digital inclusion and raise awareness about the consequences of the digital divide. They may also engage in public discourse to drive change.

4. Accessibility Initiatives: Accessibility initiatives focus on making digital content and technology more inclusive for people with disabilities. This includes initiatives to ensure websites, apps, and content are accessible to all.

C. Private sector involvement

1. Connectivity Solutions: Telecommunication companies often invest in expanding their networks. They should make an effort to make internet packages affordable so that it can reach to underserved populations.

2. Low-Cost Devices: Private companies sometimes produce low-cost devices, such as smartphones and tablets, to make digital access more affordable for a broader range of consumers.

3. Digital Skills Training: Tech companies may offer digital skills training programs to equip individuals with the knowledge to use digital tools effectively so that individual can become industry ready.

4. Corporate Social Responsibility: Some corporations engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities that include initiatives to bridge the digital divide in the areas where they operate.

D. International organizations and partnerships

In the realm of education, digital skills and competencies comprise a domain that is continuously evolving in line with the advancement of novel technologies. Mobile internet access, cloud-based computing, the "Internet of Things," digital data, artificial intelligence, and a surge in computer-driven choice-making and other forms of automation are all expected to experience substantial growth over the course of the next decade. It's possible that some of the most important "digital skills" that are expected to emerge as a result of these changes won't entail the direct application of digital technology.
Despite the livelihoods of individuals who do not have their own access to these technologies are becoming increasingly reliant upon broadband. This is due to the fact that many of the key institutions in their life are based on the utilisation of electronic devices and electronic data.

1. United Nations Initiatives: The United Nations, through its agencies like ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and UNESCO, works to promote global digital inclusion and literacy. They provide guidance and support to nations in bridging the digital divide.

2. Global Alliances: Organizations like the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) and the World Wide Web Foundation work to reduce the cost of broadband access and promote affordable internet.

3. Bilateral and Multilateral Partnerships: Countries often collaborate on international projects to expand digital connectivity in underdeveloped regions. These partnerships may involve financial support, technological expertise, and knowledge sharing.

E. Challenges and limitations in bridging the digital divide

1. Financial Barriers: Financing digital inclusion initiatives can be a significant challenge, especially for lower-income countries. Funding and resource allocation can be a barrier to implementing comprehensive strategies.

2. Technological Challenges: Expanding digital infrastructure in remote or geographically challenging areas can be technically complex. It may require innovative solutions to overcome these challenges.

3. Digital Literacy: Digital literacy programs often face challenges in reaching the most marginalized populations. Cultural and linguistic differences may require tailored training approaches.

4. Privacy and Security: As individuals gain access to the digital world, they may also face privacy and security risks. Addressing these concerns is crucial to ensuring digital inclusivity.

5. Sustainable Development: Bridging the digital divide must align with sustainable development goals. Initiatives should not only provide access but also contribute to broader development objectives.

IV. HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK

A. The right to information as a human right

1. Historical Evolution: The concept of the Right to Information has evolved over time, with various international and national instruments recognizing it as a fundamental human right. This includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and numerous national legislations.

2. Core Principles: The Right to Information is based on core principles such as transparency, accountability, and the free flow of information. It empowers individuals to seek and receive information held by public authorities.

3. Impact on Democracy: The Right to Information is intrinsically linked to democracy, as it enables citizens to make informed decisions, participate in public discourse, and hold governments accountable for their actions.

B. The right to internet access as a human right

1. Emergence of Digital Rights: In the digital age, the Right to Internet Access is increasingly recognized as a human right. This right encompasses not only access to the internet but also the skills and tools necessary to utilize it effectively.

2. Expanding Definitions: The Right to Internet Access extends traditional human rights principles to the digital realm. It includes the right to access information, participate in the digital economy, and express oneself online.

3. Global Recognition: Various international and regional bodies, such as the United Nations Human Rights Council, have recognized the importance of internet access as a human right. Some countries have also enshrined this right in their national laws such as Estonia, Greece, France, Finland, Costa Rico, Spain, and Canada.

C. Intersection of these rights

1. Complementary Nature: The Right to Information and the Right to Internet Access are highly complementary. Internet access is a means to exercise the Right to Information effectively, as it facilitates access to a wide array of information sources.

2. Digital Inclusivity: Ensuring that individuals have access to the internet is a critical component of digital inclusivity. It broadens the scope of the Right to Information, making it more accessible and relevant in the digital age.

3. Ethical Considerations: The intersection of these rights raises ethical questions about equitable access to digital resources and the responsibility of governments and other stakeholders to ensure that marginalized populations can fully participate in the digital world.

4. Legal obligations of states:

a) International Commitments: States have international legal obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil these rights. They are bound by international human rights treaties to ensure that their citizens can exercise these rights.

b) Positive Obligations: Governments have positive obligations to take active measures to bridge the digital divide and ensure that their citizens can access information and the internet. This may include implementing policies, providing infrastructure, and offering digital literacy programs.

c) Non-Discrimination: States must also ensure that their actions do not discriminate against particular groups in terms of access to information or internet services. Discriminatory practices can be in violation of human rights principles.

d) Accessible Information: States are responsible for making public information accessible, including online content. This requires them to design websites and digital resources that are inclusive and meet accessibility standards.

D. Challenges and controversies

1. Balancing Rights: The intersection of these rights can create challenges in balancing the individual's right to information against privacy concerns and the need for security, particularly in the context of online surveillance and data protection.

2. Digital Literacy: Ensuring individuals have the skills to navigate the internet safely and responsibly is a challenge that must be addressed to protect human rights in the digital age.

3. Global Variations: There can be significant variations in how states interpret and implement these rights, leading to disparities in access to information and the internet.

4. Surveillance and Censorship: In some regions, state-sponsored surveillance and censorship can limit individuals' ability to exercise these rights, raising ethical and legal concerns.

V. CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

A. Socio-economic factors

1. Income Disparities: Socio-economic disparities play a significant role in the digital divide. Low-income individuals and families may struggle to afford the necessary devices and internet subscriptions, limiting their access to online information.

2. Geographic Disparities: Rural and remote areas often face disparities in access due to a lack of digital infrastructure. The cost of expanding broadband networks to these regions can be prohibitive.

3. Affordability: Even when internet access is available, it may not be affordable for low-income populations, further exacerbating the digital divide.

B. Infrastructure and technological challenges

1. Lack of Infrastructure: Many regions lack the basic digital infrastructure required for internet access. This includes the absence of reliable electricity, telecommunications towers, and internet service providers.

2. Technological Barriers: Some individuals may lack the skills or familiarity with digital technology required to access information online effectively.

3. Connectivity Issues: Poor connectivity, slow internet speeds, and network outages can hinder the ability to access and use online information resources.

4. Digital Device Accessibility: The cost of digital devices, such as smartphones and computers, can be a significant barrier, particularly in low-income households.

C. Education and digital literacy

1. Lack of Education: Individuals with limited access to quality education may struggle to develop the digital literacy skills necessary to navigate online resources effectively.

2. Digital Literacy Gaps: Even when education is available, disparities in digital literacy skills may persist, particularly among older generations or marginalized communities.

3. Language and Cultural Barriers: Language and cultural diversity can create barriers to accessing online information, particularly for minority populations.

D. Privacy and security concerns

1. Data Privacy: Concerns about data privacy and online security may deter individuals from engaging with digital platforms and sharing personal information.

2. Cybersecurity Risks: Online threats, including cyberattacks and scams, can impact the perceived safety of online activities, potentially limiting access to information.

3. Surveillance: State or corporate surveillance can have a chilling effect on individuals' freedom to seek and access information without fear of repercussions.

E. Cultural and linguistic diversity

1. Language Barriers: Online information is predominantly available in a limited number of languages, which can be a barrier for individuals who do not speak these languages.

2. Cultural Relevance: The content available online may not always be culturally relevant or appropriate for diverse populations, which can hinder access to information.

3. Indigenous Communities: Indigenous communities often face unique challenges in accessing information online, including the preservation of their cultural heritage and protection of traditional knowledge.

VI. CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACTICES

1) Highlight successful examples of bridging the digital divide

Several effective projects have been implemented to address the digital divide and ensure access to the Right to Information in several countries, including India. These initiatives offer valuable insights into the strategies employed by these nations. Some of them are as follows: 1. South Korea's Digital Inclusion Model: South Korea has received praise for its comprehensive endeavors to narrow the digital gap.  The government's all-encompassing digital inclusion policy includes the building of infrastructure, implementation of digital literacy initiatives, and provision of assistance for low-income households. This has led to a significant increase in internet usage and proficiency, enhancing the availability of the Right to Information.

In order to address the widening digital divide, the Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) has devised the 2022 Digital Competence Strengthening Plan to address the growing digital divide caused by the rapid digital transformation. This plan aims to promote digital inclusion by providing tailored digital education and fostering ecosystems that bridge the disparity between education and employment.

2. Estonia's E-Government and Digital Identity: E-government infrastructure and digital identity systems in Estonia are recognized to be among the most advanced in the world. In addition to the incorporation of digital literacy into the educational system, citizens have access to a wide variety of government services that are available online. In the wake of a cyberattack carried out by Russia in 2007, the Estonian government designated the training of cybersecurity professionals and the expansion of digital services national security goals. The residents of Estonia now have greatly increased access to information as a result of these efforts, which has helped Estonia become one of the most technologically sophisticated societies in the United States.

3. India's National Digital Literacy Mission: One of the goals of India's National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM) is to ensure that every family has at least one member who is proficient in digital literacy. In addition to receiving instruction in digital literacy, participants in the program are awarded a digital literacy certificate following successful completion of the program. The implementation of this effort represents a big step toward ensuring that even underserved communities have access to their digital resources.

Additionally, there is a program that is known as the Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (DISHA), which operates on the same principles. Between the years 2014 and 2016 (both of these programs are no longer active), about 53.67 lakhs of people living in rural areas of India advantaged through these programs. During the year 2017, the government of India gave its approval to a program called the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) with the intention of introducing digital literacy in rural areas of the country. The program's objective is to reach 6 crore rural families, with each home consisting of one individual.

4. Rwanda's Rural Internet Connectivity: Via collaboration between the private and public sectors, the Rwandan government has made the implementation of internet connectivity in rural areas a priority. In order to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas, programs such as "One Laptop per Child" have been implemented to deliver digital gadgets to schoolchildren. Additionally, community telecenters have been established to provide access to information resources.

In the context of Rwanda's larger aspirations to transform itself into a knowledge-based economy and a regional technology powerhouse, the country has achieved tremendous progress in expanding internet access for its inhabitants. This amazing development may be ascribed to a mix of measures taken by the government, investments made by the business sector, and international alliances that were targeted at boosting digital literacy and extending the digital infrastructure of the country.

B. Analyze what made these initiatives effective?

1. Comprehensive Approach: Successful initiatives often take a holistic approach that addresses multiple facets of the digital divide. This includes infrastructure development, digital literacy programs, and affordable access, ensuring a more inclusive solution.

2. Government Commitment: A strong commitment from the government is a common factor in successful programs. Governments play a pivotal role in policymaking, funding, and execution of digital inclusion initiatives.

3. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations with the private sector can bring technological expertise and financial resources to initiatives, helping scale and sustain efforts to bridge the digital divide.

4. Integration with Education: Incorporating digital literacy into formal education curricula ensures that future generations are well-prepared to navigate the digital world effectively.

5. Accessibility and Affordability: Making digital devices and internet access affordable and accessible to all income groups is crucial for success.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective programs often include monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess their impact and adapt strategies as needed.

7. Cultural Relevance: Recognizing and respecting cultural diversity is a key to making information accessible and relevant to diverse populations.

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

A. Proposed strategies for governments

1. National Digital Inclusion Strategies: Governments should develop and implement comprehensive digital inclusion strategies that address access to digital infrastructure, affordability, and digital literacy. These strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of their populations.

2. Universal Service Obligations (USOs): Governments should consider imposing USOs on telecommunication companies to ensure universal access to affordable and reliable internet services, particularly in underserved areas.

3. E-Government Initiatives: Promote the development of e-government platforms that make public information easily accessible online. Ensure that these platforms are user-friendly and accessible to all, including individuals with disabilities.

4. Digital Literacy in Education: Integrate digital literacy into school curricula to ensure that students are equipped with essential skills to navigate the digital world effectively. In addition to informal peer mentoring programs, community learning centres shall be designed for youngsters who are not enrolled in school and who lack fundamental computer skills.

5. Subsidies and Support Programs: Provide subsidies or support programs to low-income households to make digital devices and internet access more affordable.

6. Data Privacy and Cybersecurity: Develop and enforce regulations that protect the privacy and security of individuals online. Ensure that data protection laws and cybersecurity measures are in place.

B. Recommendations for non-governmental organizations

1. Digital Literacy Initiatives: NGOs can play a vital role in providing digital literacy training, especially to marginalized communities. These initiatives can empower individuals to access information effectively.

2. Advocacy and Awareness: NGOs should advocate for digital inclusion policies and raise awareness about the importance of bridging the digital divide in the context of the Right to Information.

3. Community Networks: Support and promote community networks that provide local and affordable internet access in underserved areas.

4. Accessibility Initiatives: Work to ensure that digital content and services are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Promote inclusive design and assistive technologies.

C. Recommendations for private sector involvement

1. Affordable Connectivity: Telecommunication companies and internet service providers should offer affordable and accessible internet packages, particularly for low-income households.

2. Digital Skills Training: Private sector entities can contribute by providing digital skills training programs for their employees and communities they serve.

3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Engage in CSR initiatives aimed at bridging the digital divide in the areas where they operate. This could involve investments in digital infrastructure, devices, or digital literacy programs.

D. Recommendations for international organizations and partnerships

1. Global Collaboration: International organizations should facilitate collaboration between nations to share best practices, resources, and expertise in addressing the digital divide.

2. Funding and Support: International bodies can provide funding and technical support to nations in need, particularly in low-income and developing countries, to build digital infrastructure and implement digital inclusion programs.

3. Monitoring and Reporting: Encourage nations to report on their progress in bridging the digital divide and ensuring access to the Right to Information, promoting transparency and accountability.

4. Fostering development of digital skills in adherence to industry needs: International and National hand-in-hand employability strategies; enhanced industry-specific courses and skills; timely training of employed individuals and chances of re-skilling training for unemployed individuals and other marginalized groups etc.

E. The role of academia and research

1. Academic Research: Academic institutions should conduct research on the digital divide and its implications for the Right to Information, generating valuable data and insights. There is a need to incorporate digital skills into the national school system's curriculum and promote extracurricular activities and groups outside of the classroom.

2. Policy Recommendations: Researchers can inform policymakers by providing evidence-based policy recommendations, helping shape effective strategies

3. Education and Advocacy: Academia can also play a role in raising awareness about the importance of digital inclusion through education and advocacy efforts. These recommendations and policy implications provide a roadmap for governments, NGOs, the private sector, international organizations, and academia to address the digital divide in the context of the Right to Information.

VIII. CONCLUSION

The digital age has transformed the way information is accessed, disseminated, and utilized, redefining the landscape of the Right to Information. In this context, the digital divide emerges as a critical challenge, hindering the universal exercise of this fundamental human right. This paper has explored the intricate interplay between the digital divide and the Right to Information, revealing the multifaceted implications, ethical considerations, and legal obligations. The digital divide poses significant obstacles to the realization of the Right to Information. Disparities in access to digital infrastructure, affordability, and digital literacy result in unequal opportunities for individuals and communities to engage with online information resources. As a consequence, marginalized populations, especially in rural or economically disadvantaged areas, are disproportionately affected. This not only hinders their ability to make informed decisions but also limits their participation in democratic processes and the exercise of accountability. Understanding the digital divide as a human rights issue necessitates comprehensive and concerted action from governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, international bodies, academia, and other stakeholders. The case studies and best practices highlight the potential for bridging the digital divide effectively.

South Korea's digital inclusion model, Estonia's e-government initiatives, India's National Digital Literacy Mission, and Rwanda's rural internet connectivity represent successful approaches. These initiatives have succeeded by taking a holistic approach that includes infrastructure development, digital literacy programs, and affordable access. Government commitment, public-private partnerships, and the integration of digital literacy into education systems have been pivotal in their success. Non-governmental organizations have played a significant role in providing digital literacy training and advocating for digital inclusion. The private sector's contributions have come through affordable connectivity, digital skills training, and corporate social responsibility initiatives. International organizations have facilitated global collaboration, funding, and support for nations in need. Moreover, the role of academia in conducting research, generating policy recommendations, and raising awareness about digital inclusion is vital. There is also need to pave the way for the development of digital skills which refers to “a range of different abilities, many of which are not only ‘skills’ per se, but a combination of behaviours, expertise, know-how, work habits, character traits, dispositions and critical understandings”. These combined efforts ensure that individuals and communities are not left behind in the digital revolution.  Hence, addressing the digital divide in the context of the Right to Information is an imperative for the realization of human rights in the digital age. The recommendations and policy implications provided in this paper serve as a roadmap for stakeholders to create a more inclusive, equitable, and informed world. Bridging the digital divide will uphold the principles of democracy, transparency, and the right to participate in the shared information.